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OALib Journal期刊

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Use of somatic mutations to quantify random contributions to mouse development
Zhou Wenyu,Tan Yunbing,Anderson Donovan J,Crist Eva M
BMC Genomics , 2013, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-39
Abstract: Background The C. elegans cell fate map, in which the lineage of its approximately 1000 cells is visibly charted beginning from the zygote, represents a developmental biology milestone. Nematode development is invariant from one specimen to the next, whereas in mammals, aspects of development are probabilistic, and development exhibits variation between even genetically identical individuals. Consequently, a single defined cell fate map applicable to all individuals cannot exist. Results To determine the extent to which patterns of cell lineage are conserved between different mice, we have employed the recently developed method of “phylogenetic fate mapping” to compare cell fate maps in siblings. In this approach, somatic mutations arising in individual cells are used to retrospectively deduce lineage relationships through phylogenetic and—as newly investigated here—related analytical approaches based on genetic distance. We have cataloged genomic mutations at an average of 110 mutation-prone polyguanine (polyG) tracts for about 100 cells clonally isolated from various corresponding tissues of each of two littermates of a hypermutable mouse strain. Conclusions We find that during mouse development, muscle and fat arise from a mixed progenitor cell pool in the germ layer, but, contrastingly, vascular endothelium in brain derives from a smaller source of progenitor cells. Additionally, formation of tissue primordia is marked by establishment of left and right lateral compartments, with restricted cell migration between divisions. We quantitatively demonstrate that development represents a combination of stochastic and deterministic events, offering insight into how chance influences normal development and may give rise to birth defects.
Model-Based Analysis of HER Activation in Cells Co-Expressing EGFR, HER2 and HER3
Harish Shankaran,Yi Zhang,Yunbing Tan,Haluk Resat
PLOS Computational Biology , 2013, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003201
Abstract: The HER/ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases drives critical responses in normal physiology and cancer, and the expression levels of the various HER receptors are critical determinants of clinical outcomes. HER activation is driven by the formation of various dimer complexes between members of this receptor family. The HER dimer types can have differential effects on downstream signaling and phenotypic outcomes. We constructed an integrated mathematical model of HER activation, and trafficking to quantitatively link receptor expression levels to dimerization and activation. We parameterized the model with a comprehensive set of HER phosphorylation and abundance data collected in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells expressing varying levels of EGFR/HER1, HER2 and HER3. Although parameter estimation yielded multiple solutions, predictions for dimer phosphorylation were in agreement with each other. We validated the model using experiments where pertuzumab was used to block HER2 dimerization. We used the model to predict HER dimerization and activation patterns in a panel of human mammary epithelial cells lines with known HER expression levels in response to stimulations with ligands EGF and HRG. Simulations over the range of expression levels seen in various cell lines indicate that: i) EGFR phosphorylation is driven by HER1-HER1 and HER1-HER2 dimers, and not HER1-HER3 dimers, ii) HER1-HER2 and HER2-HER3 dimers both contribute significantly to HER2 activation with the EGFR expression level determining the relative importance of these species, and iii) the HER2-HER3 dimer is largely responsible for HER3 activation. The model can be used to predict phosphorylated dimer levels for any given HER expression profile. This information in turn can be used to quantify the potencies of the various HER dimers, and can potentially inform personalized therapeutic approaches.
The tropoelastin and lysyl oxidase treatments increased the content of insoluble elastin in bioprosthetic heart valves
Yang Lei,Yunbing Wang,Yushun Xia
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/0885328218807077
Abstract: Valvular heart diseases lead to over 300,000 heart valve replacements worldwide each year. Commercially available bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) are mostly made from porcine or bovine pericardiums which were crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (GLUT). However, valve failures can occur within 10 years due to progressive degradation and calcification. GLUT could crosslink collagen but it fails to stabilize elastin. In this current study, we developed a new BHVs preparation strategy named as “GLUT/TE/LOXL/EGCG” that utilizes exogenous tropoelastin (TE)/lysyl oxidase (LOXL) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to increase the elastin content as well as the stabilization of elastin. The feeding ratios of tropoelastin and lysyl oxidase were optimized. The contents of desmosine and insoluble elastin, biomechanics, cytotoxicity, hemocompatibility, in vivo componential stability and anti-calcification potential were characterized. Pericardiums with increased elastin content had improved the mechanical properties. GLUT/TE/LOXL/EGCG-treated pericardiums had similar cytotoxicity and coagulation properties compared to GLUT and GLUT/EGCG control. We demonstrated that GLUT/TE/LOXL/EGCG-treated pericardiums had high amount of insoluble elastin in 90 days’ rat subdermal implantation model, and better resistance for calcification. This new tropoelastin and lysyl oxidase treatments strategy would be a promising method to make BHVs which have better structural stability and anti-calcification properties
Smooth iteration online support tension machine algorithm and application in fault diagnosis of electric vehicle extended range
Feng Qian,Li Qin,Nan Zhang,Xiaowei Xu,Yunbing Yan
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1177/1687814018816563
Abstract: It is difficult to develop accurate mathematical models to describe the range extender electric vehicles due to the non-linear and complex coupling of the monitoring signal sources resulted from the massive moving parts and complex architecture in range extender and the limited storage space of the diagnostic device. In this study, we proposed the smooth iterative online support tensor machine algorithm, which is combined with support higher-order tensor machine and online stochastic gradient descent method, and applied it to the fault diagnosis of the range indicator. Four methods with different algorithms, support vector machine, smooth iterative online support vector machine, linear support higher-order tensor machine, and smooth iterative online support tensor machine algorithms, were adopted to diagnose and classify the fault samples of the range indicator by comparing the diagnostic accuracy and model learning time. It is found that the fault diagnosis method based on the smooth iterative online tensor machine showed a higher accuracy, shorter learning time, and less storage space. Based on the experimental results, it is feasible to apply smooth iterative online support tensor machine model to the fault diagnosis of electric vehicle extenders
Understanding Russian and Turkish State-National Interests in the Syrian Conflict through the Neo-Realism Paradigm  [PDF]
Mariia German, Tan Tan
Open Journal of Political Science (OJPS) , 2021, DOI: 10.4236/ojps.2021.114045
Abstract: The study is devoted to the analysis of Russian-Turkish interaction in the Syrian conflict under neo-realism concept. The Syrian crisis has become a kind of Russian-Turkish relations “barometer” in recent years. On the Syrian battlefield, Moscow and Ankara as unitary and rational actors both try to increase their relative power, which enables them to achieve their objectives mainly connected with prospects for national interests. The detailed analyses of the Russian-Turkish diplomatic negotiations and dynamics of joint military-political activities lead to the conclusion that despite competing for military-strategic, energy and geopolitical interests, both parties opt to jointly balance against common challenges. Being aware of the mutual necessity and adhering to the principles of “realpolitik”, Russia and Turkey prefer to negotiate and act within the framework of widespread interests, where real and potential mutual benefits prevail over disagreements.
Russian-Iranian Strategic Partnership in Syria: Converging Interests but Diverging Goals  [PDF]
Tan Tan, Mariia German
Open Journal of Political Science (OJPS) , 2022, DOI: 10.4236/ojps.2022.121001
Abstract: Strategic partnership is an evolving phenomenon, and there has been no consensus on its definition. But the academic endeavors by now manifest some degrees of congruence on the constitutive features of strategic partnership. This study first generalizes the constitutive features of strategic partnership. Then through the lens of these constitutive features, the relationship of Russia and Iran is examined. They have some converging interests in Syria: the common perception of a Western challenge, a high degree of military-security cooperation, similar economic motivations for their interventions in support of Assad regime, and the geopolitical importance of Syria to both countries. However, they have diverging goals in Syria too: serious ideological differences, the instrumentality of Syria in Russia’s strategy, rivalry for influence, divergent policies to Israel, and potential competitors as energy suppliers. Thus, in the framework of the Syrian crisis, Russo-Iranian relations are difficult to characterize as typical strategic partnership. Their relationship is “tactical rather than strategic” and their interactions are “pragmatic rather than systematic”.
Recurrent hypoglycemia inhibits the counterregulatory response by suppressing adrenal activity
Debria Joe,Manqi Wang,Matthew D. Whim,Qian Wang,Yunbing Ma
- , 2018, DOI: 10.1172/JCI91921
Abstract: Hypoglycemia activates the counterregulatory response (CRR), a neural-endocrine reflex that restores euglycemia. Although effective if occasionally activated, repeated induction of the CRR leads to a decline in responsiveness and prolonged exposure to hypoglycemia. The mechanism underlying this impairment is not known. We found that the reduction in epinephrine release that characterizes a suppressed CRR involves a long-lasting form of sympatho-adrenal synaptic plasticity. Using optogenetically evoked catecholamine release, we show that recurrent hypoglycemia reduced the secretory capacity of mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. Single activation of the CRR increased the adrenal levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, but this was prevented by repeated activation. In contrast, the level of neuropeptide Y (NPY), an adrenal cotransmitter, remained elevated after recurrent hypoglycemia. Inhibition of NPY or Y1 signaling, either transgenically or pharmacologically, prevented the attenuation of both TH expression and epinephrine release. These results indicate that impairment of the CRR involves suppressed activity at the adrenal level. Interfering with the peripheral NPY–dependent negative feedback loop may provide a way to avoid the pathophysiological consequences of recurrent hypoglycemia which are common in the diabetic state
Partial Reflection of Hyaluronan Molecules Inside the Taylor-cone During Electrospray  [PDF]
Zhikai Tan
Engineering (ENG) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/eng.2012.410B022
Abstract:
Electrospray (ES) is of great interest in research for its finely controlled delivery of molecules. This study investigated mechanisms involved in the electrospray of biological macromolecules which may cause spraying instabilities. Hyaluronan (HA) has been studied for its biological significance. A mixture of ethylene glycol and deionized water with volume ratio of 1:1 is used to dissolve HA molecules. HA solutions with different concentrations and molecular sizes are investigated. Experimental results demonstrate that the molecular size and solution concentration of macro-molecules are critical factors affecting the spraying process. A concentration reduction of HA molecules happened during the ES process, and a hypothesis on partial reflection of HA molecules inside the Taylor-cone is presented in the study.
Seven Stimuli to Identify Opportunities of Innovation: A Practice of Training Innovative Engineers and Some Findings in China  [PDF]
Runhua Tan
American Journal of Industrial and Business Management (AJIBM) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/ajibm.2013.38083
Abstract:

To transfer knowledge to companies by training engineers is directly related to identifying opportunities of innovation. This paper introduces the knowledge system of four levels and an interactive training model for innovative engineers. Training outputs of two classes as cases are analyzed in order to find some factors to affect the training activities. Seven stimuli to identify opportunities of innovation, which are implied in the knowledge system and the training process, are concluded from many face-to-face discussions with the engineers joining our classes. The application of the stimuli is also described, which should be applied in the future training process to improve the possibility to identify opportunities of innovation for innovative engineers.

Study on Current Public Opinion in Vietnam Based on Universally Value System and Core Values Approach  [PDF]
Phan Tan
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2015.32015
Abstract: The history of Vietnam Country’s formation and defense through thousands of years has been summarized in the modern society’s objective value systems that are: independence, freedom, happiness, prosperous people and strong country, democracy, justice, and civilization. The value of democracy is regarded a core value and it has been realistic by applying the mechanism of the fact that the people know, people discuss, people do, and people supervise. The author looks forward to clarify this mechanism, and, above all, in a certain degree of clarification it matches with manner forming public opinion, the roles and functions of the public opinion.
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